Working While Under 18 in California? Here’s What Minors should know about their rights

In California, minors can legally work, but only under strict conditions designed to protect their safety, education, and wages. Whether it’s a fast-food job, entertainment work, or a summer retail position, employers must follow detailed labor laws when hiring anyone under the age of 18. At Fraigun Law Group, we know that young workers are often the most vulnerable to wage theft and mistreatment. Many do not know their rights. Others are afraid to speak up, especially if their job is their first. That’s why we want families across Los Angeles to understand how California law protects working minors and what to do if those protections are being ignored.

Who Needs a Work Permit in California?

Almost every minor working in California must have a valid work permit issued by their school district. This includes teens working part-time during the school year or full-time in the summer. Employers are responsible for keeping this permit on file.

Exceptions include:

• Minors working in certain family businesses
• Paper routes or casual babysitting
• Certain roles in the entertainment industry (which require different permits)

If an employer hires a minor without a valid permit, that is a violation of state law.

How Many Hours Can Minors Legally Work?

California law limits the number of hours minors can work, especially during the school year. The limits depend on the worker’s age and whether school is in session.

For example:

• 14-15 year olds can work no more than 3 hours on a school day, and 18 hours total per week
• 16-17 year olds can work up to 4 hours on a school day, and 48 hours per week when school is not in session
• Work is not allowed during school hours unless part of a school-approved program

There are also restrictions on late-night and early-morning shifts to protect minors’ rest and schooling.

What Are Common Violations We See?

Unfortunately, some employers either ignore or do not understand California’s child labor laws. Common violations include:

• Scheduling minors to work too many hours during the school week
• Failing to get or keep a valid work permit on file
• Denying proper rest or meal breaks
• Paying under the table or below minimum wage
• Failing to provide safe working conditions
• Retaliating when a young worker or their parent speaks up

In retail, food service, and small businesses, minors may be treated more like “helpers” than lawful employees — which often leads to unpaid hours, unsafe tasks, or unapproved schedules.

Parents: Know Your Child’s Rights

If your teen has a job, it is a good idea to:

• Ask to see their work permit
• Review their weekly hours and make sure they align with state guidelines
• Ensure they are receiving proper pay and breaks
• Report concerns early if something feels wrong

California law is clear. Young workers have the right to fair pay, safe conditions, and an education-first schedule. They cannot be assigned jobs that are too dangerous or physically demanding. And they cannot be punished for asking questions or speaking up.

When Legal Support Matters

The Labor Commissioner’s Office investigates complaints of child labor violations, but not all issues get resolved quickly. In cases of serious wage theft, retaliation, or ongoing safety risks, legal action may be necessary to hold the employer accountable and recover damages. At Fraigun Law Group, we represent workers including teens and their families in employment cases across Los Angeles and Southern California. We take cases seriously where a minor has been exploited, unpaid, or treated unfairly in the workplace.

Whether your child has been overworked, underpaid, or pushed into unsafe tasks, there are legal options available. Contact us today.